Braking mechanism



Feb. 27, 1940. 4 G. H. HUNT 2,191,716;

BRAKING MEcHAm-SM Filed Nov. 9, 1936 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 ,4W 4mm, NWWW j A 701MB Y Feb. 27, 1940. G. H. HUNT BRAKING MECHANISM Filed Nov. s, 195e 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 /N VEA/TOR Geo/:ge Hanf'.

BY Q A TORNEY Patented Feb. 27, 1940 BBAKING George-ll. Hunt, Detroit, Mich., assigner Warner Corporation, a corporation of Illinois vammenda November s, 193s, -serm No. 109.816

3Clalms. U160-54.6)

vUNITED STA-'rssA PATENT-lorries' This application relates to hydraulicbraking systems and particularly to improvements in the construction of parts thereof, such as the master cylinder and an hydraulic booster to be used ln.-

ll Another object of the invention is to provide.

an hydraulic booster and a compressor-reservoir in combination, such combination being directly interposed between the external accentuating means for applying pressure to the braking sysgq tem and the braking system itself, and Awhich is adapted to create a high'pressure in the system upon the application of a low pressure by` the operator.

` Anothervobject of the invention is to provide 2l an` hydraulic booster in combination with a braking uid reservoir and comprising a piston of unequal cross-sectional areas, such piston being spring-impressed, and the inequality of the cross-sectional areas thereof together with aI 3o valve associated with said piston being accountable for a quick take-up of the operators eiforts applied thereto and transmission thereof to the braking means. I

Another object of the invention is to provide 35 an improved form of hydraulic booster construction which is particularly adapted for use with .any ordinary master cylinder and to be manufactured in quantities and at a reasonable cost, which is more efficient in operation, which is 4 more durable, which necessitates the exercise of a minimum amount of effort on the part of the operator, and which isnot subject easily to get out of efiicient working condition.

Another object of the invention is to provide 45 in an open braking system, an hydraulic booster associated with a master cylinder which has therein a fluid reservoir, said reservoir being provided to store a surplus amount of fluid and being adapted to transmit said iluid through the boost- 50 er associated therewith and the fluid line associated with the braking system, the obvious purpose for supplying such reservoir being to do away with the continuous additions of fluid to the system on the part of the operator, and the puru pose for supplying such booster being to furnish a quick take-upv of the ioperators efforts apf plied to the brake pedal and'transmit same to the braking means. l"

Another object of the invention is to provide a novel form of hydraulic booster which is adapt- 5 ed to be used in conjunction with a large portion of the braking systems now onthe market, and which is disposed in direct fluid pressure communication with and connected between the master cylinder and the`braking elements, such con- 10 nection being made with and into the ordinary type of master cylinder.

AnotherA object of the invention is to directly associate an `hylilaulic. booster with the iiuid withina compressor type of reservoir and the 15 foot pedal operating means, the entire system being -providedwithmeans for creating and intimate" relationshipbetween hanism" and the uid thereth' invention is Vtoprovitle a a aster,cylinderconstruc y n boosterconstruction which operates;r tofgivc afliighwhev l`- braking eiliciency l unit of time, which J ,y lulck econstructed; ifrso desired, so' as`t ssiblefthe complete wearing-out 'of' th l ingsyithouthaving'.` made any prev1ous.-brake-`shoe' I adjustments; 30 which may be used onextra heavy-duty 'vehicles to replace the present vacuum powerutilization, and which'z'allows a `brakewlining of less thanv ordinary coeilicient of lfriction (which .necessarily renders greater`v stability to the braking 35 system) to be used inthe wheel brakes.

Other objects and advantages, of the invention will appear from a vreference to the following.` specication taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which .there are two sheets, and wherein:

Fig. 1 is a more or less diagrammatic view of a braking system as applied to the chassis of a vehicle; Y

Fig. 2 is a view partially in elevation and par- 5 tially in section of the master cylinder and hydraulic booster associated therewith which illustrates a, preferred form'oftlie invention and is takenon a plane along"'th'e"lines 2-2 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 2A is a view similar to Fig. 2 but showing 50 the booster in brake applying position.

Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken on a plane along the lines 3-3 lin Fig. 2 and illustrating the form of valve guide used in the booster embodied in this invention;

Fig. 4 is a view partially in elevation and partially in section of ttulle hydraulic booster used in conjunction with e closed type of hydraulic system and illustrating a modified form of the construction appearing in Fig. 2 and Flg.4Aisaviewsimi1ar toFig.4butshowlng the booster in brake applying position.

Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken on a plane along the lines 5-5 in Fig. 4 and illustrating the type of valve guide used in the modied construction appearing in Fig. 4.

'I'he theory behind the object of supplying an hydraulic booster in the duid-line and between the point of pedal pressure application and the point of brake pressure application is to provide a means wherein the pedal pressure can be builtup until a predetermined difference in pressure arises in the booster on either side of the piston provided therein. To serve this purpose, the effective cross-sectional area of the end face of the booster piston which is acted upon by the pedal pressure is made considerably, but -reasonably, greater than that of the opposite end face thereof. The piston itself is telescoped by a spring which is so arranged with respect thereto, and having a sumcient strength, that the piston is not allowed to move until the uid pressure in the lines leading to the wheel brakes has risen to a point at or beyond which the brake shoes are forced into their respective drums. When these conditions have been met with, the booster piston "floats", and any small additional pressure which is applied to the foot pedal (or any other accentuating means) simultaneously seats a valve which is reciprocably mounted within a bore in said piston upon said piston and acts against the forward and larger face of the piston and is transmitted through the piston to its opposite and smaller face and has an immediate and increasing effect upon the fluid pressure in the line which is inversely propor tional to the areas of the piston faces. Such a booster, obviously, requires a minimum effort on the part of the operator to obtain a braking action which is not only maximum but immediate.

Fig. 1 discloses a diagrammatic view of a chassis of an automotive vehicle and illustrates the application thereto of an hydraulic braking system including a vmaster cylinder, generally indicated at I9, suitably secured to one of the frame cross-members of the chassis and having operatively associated therewith an hydraulic booster, generally indicated at II. 'I'his gure also discloses fluid supply lines I2 for transmitting pressure from the master cylinder I0 through booster II and to and through said supply lines to the wheel brakes, and means, generally indicated at I3, for operating the braking system, such as a conventional foot pedal which is adapted to be engaged by the foot of the vehicle operator for operating this system.

The master cylinder Ill, in Fig. 2, comprises a part of an open uid system for operating the individual wheel brakes, and is adapted to have used in commotion therewith the hydraulic booster II. It will be seen that there is direct communication between the pedal operation, the

master cylinder, the hydraulic booster, and the which is anged at the end thereof as at 2|.

Disposed within cylinder bore Il, and adapted for reciprocal movement therein. is an annular piston I1 which is flanged at the forward end thereof as at Il, said flange having disposed near the periphery thereof a series of openings I9. A portion of piston I1 is in the form of a sleeve 20 A resilient cup-shaped seal 22 is disposed forwardly of flange 2l and secured to sleeve 20 for preventing leakage of fluid from the system. An elongated rod 23, suitably associated with the foot pedal I3 by means (not shown) and being lodged within a bore formed by the sleeve 29 internally of piston I1, is adapted to operate the piston I1 upon any exertion of pressure by the operator. A snap-ring 24 is partially embedded in casting I4 and forms a stop for the retracted position of piston I1. An extensible boot 25 may, at one end thereof, be secured to the casting I4, as by cement, by means of a metallic ring 26, bonded or otherwise secured thereto, for cooperating with any action of the fo'ot pedal and for confining rod 23 within a closed space.

A resilient cup-shaped seal 21 is disposed forwardly-of flange I3 of piston II, and has provided .therewithin a metal cup-shaped member 29 against Awhich one end of a spring 29 is adapted to rest for securing member 21 in place and for assisting in the retraction of piston I1 after the braking action has been completed. The other end of spring 29 is adapted to rest against the rim or dared portion of a two-way check valve, generally indicated at 30, vand being of the type which is widely used at present in hydraulic braking systems.

Valve 39 consists of an inverted cup-shaped metal dome 3| which is provided with an unpliant rim. This rim-has an underlying annular rib 32 which engages and seats into a corresponding recess 33 disposed in a thick rubber gasket 34; engagement between member 3| and gasket 34 is assisted by means of spring 29 resting against same. Secured to the upper portion of the inside of dome 2|, and shaped correspondingly thereto, is a resilient member 35. Although member 35 is tightly tted into the cup area of`member 3l, fluid may pass between the adjacent sides thereof after passing through an opening 36 provided in member 3|. On the other hand, uid attempting to pass in the opposite direction must do so by passing between the adjacent sides of rib 32 ,of member 3I and recess 33 of gasket 34. A further discussion of valve 30 is not deemed necessary because same is commonly known to the industry, and it is thought that a mere general disclosure thereof, in as much as this type of valve is used only incidentally herein, is sumcient.

Booster II comprises a body casting 40 formed at one end thereof to provide a threaded neck portion 4I for engagement with a threaded bore disposed at the end of bore I5 of body casting I4. These two threaded elements, in assembly, are adapted to preserve the continuity of bore I5, both in casting I4 and in casting 40, by providing in the latter a bore 42 at the forward end thereof. A gasket 43 is provided at the junction of castings I4 and 40 'for sealing same. In direct coinmunication with bores I5 and 42, and disposed internally of casting 40, is a spring and valve chamber 44 which houses a spring 45 and a spider 48 into the latter of which the stem of a valve 41 is adapted to be adjustably secured, preferably, as shown in Fig. 2, by means of a corelation between respective threaded portions thereof. Valve 41 extends horizontally from spider 46 into and through an internal bore 48 of av piston 49 and is adapted always to be centrally located with respect to bore 48 by means of a guide '56, which is integral with the bore walls of piston 49 (as is indicated in Fig. 3). It will be noted that, in assembly, the spider 46 and the valve guide 56 combine to assist in maintaining perpendicularity between the axis of valve 41 and the plane of the seat for spider 46 so that, regardless of the conditions within the system and the eil'ect of spring 45, there will be practically no binding of valve ,41, and the system will operate in accordance with the design thereof.

Piston 49 is adapted to be disposed within an enlarged bore 5I of body casting 40 for slidable movement therein. The forward end of piston 49 has an internal bore which, in assembly, combines to associate itself with bore 44 of casting and form -a part thereof; this forward portion of piston 49 is provided with an outer threaded wall which is adapted to be engaged with by a threaded nut 52 which retains a thin washer 53 and a cup-shaped seal 54 against the enlarged forward wall of piston 49 and the wall of bore 5I. It is obvious that the purpose of washer 53 is to y provide a means for preventing frictional contact between nut 52 land seal 54, and for maintaining a seal between piston 49 and the central peripheral portion of seal 54. The other end of piston 49, namely, that portion which forms a seat for the under-portion of the head of valve 41, is provided with a threaded neck portion 55 for engagement therewith of a threaded nut 56 for retaining a thin washer 51 and a cup-shaped seal 58 against the rearward wall of piston 49 and the wall" of a' bore 59 disposed in a heavy metal cap 60"which.isprovided for closing the system. Cap 60 is ilangedat 6I and xedly secured to body castingl v40 vby means of a series of annularly dis- 46 pose'd'y'stud` bolts 62 which pass through threaded cpeningsinfiange 6I and into threaded openings provided in' casting 40.

Within casting 40 there is disposed an enlarged chamber 63 which is defined on one side by the enlarged hanged portion of piston 49, on the opposite side thereto by the inner wall of cap 60, on another side-by casting 40, and on the side opposite: thereto by piston 49. A spring 64 (the strengthv of which' is sufiicient to withstand the pressure necessary to move the brake shoes into their respective drums and to return piston 49 to its at rest position, when `the braking action is completed, and thereby open valve 41) is disposed within chamber 63 and telescopes piston 49 at this point and tends to separate the enlarged portions of the inner walls of piston 49 and cap 60. It will be noted that spring 64 may be easily ,replaced without disturbing the rest of the booster by merely removing cap 60. It will be noted that sealsv 54 and 58, one sealing the forward wall of piston`49 and the other sealing the rearward wall thereof, prevent liquid from entering chamber 63; for this reason an air vent 65 is provided vin the under -portion of the wall of casting 40 and communicates at all times the chamber 63 with the outside atmosphere so that spring 64 will operate normally. Centrally disposed in the end portion of cap 60 is a threaded opening 66 by means of which the conduit or fluid line I2 may be connected to the booster II, so as to transmit the pressure through the Afluid contained within line I2 to the wheel brakes for operating same.

A bleeder screw 61 is provided to close the opening in casting 46 which communicates with chamber 44, and same may be removed at any time when 1c is necessary to bleed the system of.

any air which has inadvertently passed thereinto through one fault or another, or which exists at the timevof initial set-up of the system.

A composition ring 68 may or may not be provided in the under-side of the head of valve 41 for giving a better seal between said valve and piston 49. Provision lof such a ring, however, would seem advisable.

' The operation of the preferred construction of the invention which is embodied in Fig. 2 is as follows:

Pressure applied by the operator on foot pedal I3 causes member 21 to move past the small opening in cylinder I0 which is in communication with cylinder I5 andreact thereafter upon a system which is full of iluid. This pressure is transmitted through the opening 36 in the twowaycheck valve t6, and between the sides of members 3| and 35. 'I'he uid is then forced between the arms of spider 46 into and through chambers 44 and 48, out from the latter into chamber 59 by passing between the head of valve 41 and the seat therefor, and thence into line I2, when it is finally transmitted to the wheel brakes. Added pressure is necessary to move the brake shoes firmly into their respective drums because of the springs on these shoes opposing this action, and,

therefore, the operator is called upon to continue his efforts toward that end. After this additional pressure has been applied, that is, the amount required to lodge the shoes iirml'y into the drums,.

being that a small pedal pressure multiplies into a high brake shoe pressure. This effect, it will be "seen, is concurrent with the firm engagement between shoe and drum, and is most advantageous, therefore. The advantages, in particular, will be found in the foregoing paragraphs, and the eighth object of the invention as set out at the beginning of this specification should be especially noted.

Referring now to Fig. 4, there is illustrated a modified form of the master cylinder-hydraulic booster combination illustrated in Fig. 2. This type of system is so designed and has its parts so arranged that the fluid is sealed within the system and not exposed to the atmosphere. In using the closed system, it is possible to use a hygroscopic iluid which usually has a lower freezing point or a higher boiling point than fluids 0f the non-hygroscopic type possess. Other advantages are obvious from the use of the closed system, one of the chief advantages being that loss by leakage of fluid from the system is reduced to a minimum.

In Fig. 4, the master cylinder construction, generally indicated at III), comprises a. body casting III formed internally thereof to provide a cylinder bore II2. Within bore H2, an annular piston II3 is adapted to reciprocate, a portion of said piston forming a sleeve II4 which/ extends into an enlarged chamber I I5 formed in the body casting III. A resilient cup-shaped seal II6 is disposed forwardly of piston II3, and a spring II1 is conned between the seal H6 and the end of cylinder bore I I2 for the purpose of maintaining said seal in position and also to assist in retracting said piston. Seal IIB is adapted to seal piston I I3 upon movement thereof and with respect to the cylinder bore 2 so that the uid within the brake system ahead of said piston may be subjected to pressure.

Piston ||3 is adapted to be operated by a rod II8 which sets within sleeve II4, and which rod is adapted to be operated by any conventional means, such as a foot-operated brake pedal I3 (see Fig. 1).

Chamber II5 is closed to the atmosphere by a. iiexible boot ||9 which, at one end thereof, is adapted to be secured to sleeve I|4, and at the other end thereof, is adapted to be secured to the body of casting III. At one end thereof, boot I I9 has suitably secured thereto, such as by bonding, a metallic reenforcing ring |20v which is adapted to be secured between a gasket |2| resting upon an annular shoulder |22 provided in body casting I I I and the peripheral ilange on an annular cup-shaped metallic member |23 which surrounds boot IIS, and which member |23 is secured in place by a nut |24 which is suitably secured in the threaded end of body casting |I|. The opposite end of boot ||9 is secured to sleeve I I4 by means of, a suitable cement and reenforcement thereof by means-of a metallic ring |25. It will be seen that chamber I|5 is thereby closed to the ou'tside atmosphere so that there is no possibility of iluid leakage out from body casting III or chamber ||5 unless exible member IIS should become accidentally damaged.

Fig. 4 does not go as far as Fig. 2 in revealing the method of closing the rod-end of the system, but it is thought that disclosure of same in Fig. 2 will suiiice, if more protection from exposure is desired.

In connection with the master cylinder, there is provided a compensator chamber |26 which is in free and directI communication with chamber I I5, and which is also provided with a somewhat restricted communication with cylinder bore I|2 ahead of. piston |I3 at such time as said piston is in its retracted position, by means of a relatively small opening |21 extending through the cylinder wall. As soon as seal IIB of piston II3 is moved past the opening |21, the space ahead of said seal is separated from chambers |26 and |I5.

Chamber |26 is closed by a flexible wall |28 which is backed up by a spring-pressed plunger |29, a spring |30 being secured between plunger |29 and a heavy cap member |3| which is threadedly secured in a threaded opening provided in the body casting III. Wall |28 extends completely across the opening in the body member of the casting and is secured in place by cap |3| which engages a reenforcing ring |32 to which said wall may be bonded, the connection between wall and casting being such as to insure a seal which will prevent the escape of iluid from chamber |26. Plunger |29 may be provided with a rod |33 extending through an opening in cap |3| so as to indicate the position of plunger |29 within chamber |26 whereby the quantity of fluid within the brake system may be outwardly determined.

When piston II3 is moved forwardly in the cylinder bore ||2 for applying pressure to the iiuid therein, said bore is cut oi from communication with compensator chamber |26 and chamber ||5. During the protractile movement of piston H3, the volume of chamber ||5 is reduced and the fluid therein will be displaced into chamber |26 and against the force of springpressed plunger |29, the spring |30 being a relatively light spring. When piston ||3 is in its retracted position and the system is at rest, plunger |29 operates to maintain the fluid in the system under a slight pressure. Chamber |26, in addition to providing a fluid reservoir, also acts as a compensating chamber to take care of the volumetric changes in the uid of the system due to the changes in temperature caused by the heat of friction between the brake shoes and drums.

Body casting is provided with an opening in communication with chamber ||5, such opening being closed by a screw |34 which may be removed for bleeding air from the system during the initial set-up thereof.

Body casting I is so constructed as to have internally provided at one end thereof an enlarged chamber |40 in which an annular piston I4| is adapted to reciprocate. Rearwardly disposed with respect to piston |4I, and fitted thereto for sealing same, is a cup-shaped resilient seal |42 which is ,held in place by means of a washer |43 backed up by a nut |44 screwed onto a threaded end of piston |4I. This threaded end of piston |4| is adapted to cooperate with a domeshaped annular stop |45 provided with a central opening |46 and a series of other than central openings |41, when the system is `at rest. These openings |46 and |41 are, obviously, for the purpose of providing fluid and pressure communication between chamber I|2 and those chambers ahead of stop |45 (with exception of chamber |40). Stop |45 is held rigidly in place against a shoulder provided therefor in casting by means of a retaining snap-ring |48 which is partially embedded in casting III.

Piston |4| is provided with a central bore |40 in which a spring-impressed valve |50 is adapted to reciprocate. The position 0f valve |50 with respect to its seat and also to stop |45 is adjustable by means of a nut and screw unit, generally indicated at |5I, one end of which, under idle conditions, ,rests against stop |45, and the other end vof which, under all conditions, is connected to an end of valve |50 with a guide member |52 interposed. Integral with the inner wall of bore |49 of piston |4| is a valve guide |53 (see Fig. 5) which tends to eliminate any angularity set up between the axes of valve |50 and bore |49 during operation of the mechanism. A spring |54 is conned, in telescopic relation with respect to valve |50, between guides |53 and |52, so that, reciprocation of valve |50 is opposed, at least in one direction, thereby. The head of valve |50, in its under face, is provided with an annular recess into which is securely wedged a composition; ring |55 which is adapted to cooperate with the valve seat formed by the forward end of piston |4I and aiord a better seal thereby.

A heavy metal cap |56 is providedto close the booster-end of the master cylinder construction, andl is secured to casting I by means of a series of peripherally disposed bolts |51 projecting through openings provided therefor in cap |56 and into threaded openings provided therefor in casting III. A threaded opening |58 is provided in the end of cap |56 for connection thereto ol' an end of iiuid line I2 (see Fig. 1) for transmission therethrough of the pressures set up in the system. Cap |56 is formed internally thereof to provide a chamber |59 into which is projected, for reciprocation therein, the forward and smaller end of piston |4I. It will be seen that chambers |59 and |40 are of different areas. each having a correspondingly-Sized portion 0I piston I 4| disposed therewithin, and it is thought that a discussion of this feature is unnecessary, in view of the description of the operation of the preferred embodiment in Fig. 2 appearing above. A cupshaped resilient seal |60 is disposed forwardly and secured to the smaller end of piston |4| for sealing same with respect to the inner wall of cap |56.

It will be noted that the construction embodied in Fig. 2 provided an air vent communicating the spring chamber of the booster with the outside atmosphere for purposes aforementioned, and that same feature might possibly be embodied in the construction disclosed in Fig. 4. However, inasmuch as, the construction under discussion is one of the closed type, it has been thought advisable to carry same through to a finish. Therefore, chamber |40 in Fig. 4 has been provided with an opening IGI in direct communication with compensator chamber |26 by way of anelongated opening |62 in the lower portion of the booster-section of body casting III. When the uid pressure has risen in line I2 to such an extent that the brake shoes are firmly engaged in their respective drums, then and only then will piston 4| move forwardly against the force of spring |63 (this spring is similar in design, strength, and utility as is spring 64 in Fig. 2). This means that a certain amount of fluid in chamber |40 will necessarily have to be displaced because of the reduced volume of chamber |40 upon forward motion of piston I4I. Opening |6| serves as the outlet therefor and could just as well have been an air vent similar to air vent 65 in Fig. 2 were it not for the fact that this construction has been designed as a closed type system, and for that reason chamber |40 has fluid disposed therein. But, since piston |4| has a very limited and minute movement, the displacement will be quite small and will require a pressure necessary only to overcome the force of spring |30 which is impressed upon plunger |29 of the compressor.

There is an opening provided in the upper portion of body casting directly above chamber |40 which, when open, serves as a bleeding means for any air which is present in the system during the initial set-up thereof, but which is provided to be closed by means of a bleeder screw |64.

It will be seen that the design embodied in Fig. 4 has utilized a portion of the master cylinder casting for formation thereof of the booster cylinder, but it seems obvious, in view of Fig. 2 and the separate units embodied therein, that Fig. 4 could just as easily have been provided with similar separate units.

It does not seem necessary to repeat the discussion of the operation of the mechanism in Fig. 4 inasmuch as said mechanism operates quite similarly to that embodied in Fig. 2, and a detailed discussion of the operationy of the mbhanism in Fig. 2, as previously stated, appears a ve.

While the invention has been described with some. detail, and has been accompanied by a Vmodification thereof, it is to be understood that the description is for the purpose of illustration only and is not definitive of the limits of theinventive idea. The right is reserved to make such changes in the details of construction and arrangement of parts as will fall within the purview of the attached claims.

' I claim:

1. In a system of hydraulic braking, a pair of body members removably joined together and in communication with each other, a pair of chambers one formed in each member, a pair of pistons one operable in each chamber, one of said pistons having opposite working faces of unequal cross-sections and an axial bore extending therebetween, and a valve supported in said bore and having a stem extending beyond said larger -face and a head extending beyond said smaller face, said stem forming a guide for said valve, and said smaller face of said piston forming a seat for said head.

2. In a system of hydraulic braking, a pair of body members removably joined toether and in fluid communication with each other, a pair of chambers formed in each member, one of said pairs of chambers forming a working cylinder and a iiuid supply therefor, the second of said pair of chambers forming a pair of coaxial cylinders, a double-faced piston adapted to reciprocate in said pair of cylinders having one face in each cylinder, an axial bore between the faces of said piston, a valve supported in said bore and having a stem extending between the faces of said piston, means forming a part of one of said cylinders for forming a guide and stop for said valve stem, and a spring associated with said cylinder for preventing said valve from closing until a predetermined pressure has been reached in said cylinders.

3. In a system of hydraulic braking, a pair of body members removably joined together in fluid communication with each other, a pair of chambers formed in each member, one of said pairs of chambers forming 'a working cylinder and a fluid supply therefor, the second of said pair of chambers forming a pair of coaxial cylinders of unequal diameter,v a double-faced piston adapted to reciprocate in said pair of cylinders having one face in each cylinder, an axial bore between the faces of said piston, a valve seating against the smaller face of said piston supported in said bore and having a stem extending between the faces of said piston, means forming a part of one of said cylinders for forming a guide and stop for said valve stem, and a spring associated with said cylinder for preventing said valve from closing until a. predetermined pressure has been reached in said cylinders.

GEORGE H. HUNT. 

